human genome project

The Human Genome Project: [Edit this paragraph] The Human Genome Project (human genome project, HGP) by the United States in 1985, scientists first proposed, in 1990 the formal launch. United States, Britain, the French Republic, Federal Republic of Germany, Japan and Chinese scientists involved in the common value of 3 billion U.S. dollars of the human genome project. This programme aims to more than 3 billion base pairs that constitute the human genome sequencing accuracy, found that all the human genes and gain a clear understanding of its position on the chromosome, decipher all the human genetic information. And the Manhattan atomic bomb plans and the Apollo moon-landing plan and called the three major scientific project. June 26, 2000, to participate in the human genome project of the United States, Britain, the French Republic, Federal Republic of Germany, Japan and China's scientists announced the six countries, the draft of human genome mapping has been completed. The final map calls for sequencing the use of cloning to faithfully represent autosomal genome structure, sequence error rate of less than 10,000. 95 percent of the region was often chromatin sequence, each Gap is less than 150 kb. Completed plans will be completed in 2003, two years earlier than expected. U.S. and British scientists on May 18, 2006 in the United Kingdom "Nature" magazine published on the Internet version of the last of the human chromosome - 1 gene on chromosome sequencing. In all 22 pairs of human chromosomes in the regular session, 1 gene on chromosome contains the largest number to 3,141, is twice the average level, a total of more than 223 million base pairs right, also cracked the biggest difficulty. A 150 British and American scientists took a team of 10, before completing the sequencing of chromosome 1 work. Scientists more than once declared that the human genome project completed, but not all were introduced this, this time fixing the Life "book" more precise, covering the human genome 99.99 percent. Interpretation of the human genetic code, "a book of life" complete declaration, which lasted 16 of the Human Genome Project finished writing the last chapter.

DNA school

DNA ultracentrifugation] [Edit this paragraph] Modern separation and purification of plasmid DNA from E. coli to isolated as the representative, in view of the overall situation bacilli (E.coli) in the molecular biology of the important position in the separation and purification from E.coli quality control in recent years become a DNA Ultra-centrifuge technology in a very important subject. The plasmid DNA and the rapid separation and purification of the ultra-centrifuge equipment (centrifuges speeding, Zhuantou and ancillary equipment) has put forward higher requirements. E.coli is typical of the original cells, the cells because of the lack of its nuclear cells are the kind of film by units composed of a variety of functions can be separated for specific components of the regional and local independent endomembrane system, Therefore not covered by its nuclear cell of the cell (nuclear, ER, Gorky body, the line of Rafah, the lysosome, etc.). SEM micrographs showed that E.coli can distinguish between the two regions within the cytoplasm and nuclear transfer on January 1, in their thin layer around the outside of the cell membrane and very thick walls, some attached to one end of the external walls of the free Flagellum. Plasmid DNA in the nuclear area, to fine filaments exist, such filaments bar in a variety of circumstances is extremely long circular DNA fragments by some of the folded-up of body. E.coli for the microstructure of question, in ultra-centrifuge separation and purification of plasmid DNA sequence before the pretreatment is: E.coli → lysozyme to use the cell wall → with surfactant such as SDS, Trit X-100 and other EE membrane → pot with acid so that DNA, RNA and protein precipitation majority (90 percent). Sediments can join TE buffer (10 m-MTris-HCL lmMEDTA, pH8.0) to live on after the zeolite protein to RNA; can also be used to ultracentrifugation of Habitat, to RNA, DNA-to-class or DNA fragment . [Plasmid DNA ultracentrifugation the separation method: The traditional separation method: A few years ago, due to equipment constraints, the plasmid DNA from the general balance, with CsCl density centrifugation, since the formation of gradient. To 10 ~ 12 ml single-tube capacity as an example, with Lut-Zhuantou separation, 36.000 rpm × 60 hours, with angle-Zhuantou Separation 45, OOOrpm × 36 hours, including a slowdown, the former sharing to 130 million drives to the Department of Life , Who also spent 100 million drive to the Ministry of life, which was speeding on the life of 100 centrifuges to transfer 20 billion, no doubt each test costs too high, with CsCl amount, your prices and other factors, That such separation and purification of a very expensive experiment. [Plasmid DNA speeding centrifuge - the latest progress (1) speeding vertical tube Zhuantou the centrifuge (Chin alloy or carbon fiber manufacturing): From 1975 to the vertical pipe Zhuantou WHO, the main centrifuge production in recent years to develop the vertical pipe Zhuantou, single-tube capacity of 0.2 ml to 4 Oml, the maximum speed from 50000 rpm to 120000 rpm, RCFmax up to 700, OOOXg, 90 in the development of new models and Zhuantou plasmid DNA has been able to make vertical centrifuge tube experiments done handy. (3) near vertical pipe Zhuantou centrifuge: In order to eliminate the vertical centrifugal Zhuantou for plasmid DNA in the wall of the formation of the RNA has precipitated the formation of DNA zone of pollution, but also to improve the general oblique angle-Zhuantou (Dip 25 • - 35 •) from the settlement because of a longer and therefore have a longer time from the shortcomings of the past few years developed a variety of near-vertical pipe Zhuantou (Near VerticalTube Rot, referred to NVT Zhuantou or Neo Angle Rotor, small angle Zhuantou false, or NT). Centrifugal their central axis and the vertical section of the centrifuge drive in the angle between the axis between 7.5 • - 10 • between speed from 65000 rpm to 120, OOOrpm, RCFmax can 646000 × g of single-tube capacity from 2 ml to 13.5 ml. NVT (or NT) Zhuantou primarily for the development of plasmid DNA separation design, of course, it also applies to mitochondrial DNA, chromosome DNA, RNA and serum lipoprotein • separation and purification. (3) non-consecutive ladder gradient separation: separation and purification of DNA school is using the traditional method since the formation of CsCl gradient balance, density centrifugation, centrifugal at the beginning of the density of CsCl homogeneous, uniform distribution of these samples.

DNA paternity testing

The parent-child relations are the most use of DNA typing is identified. People's blood, hair, saliva, oral cells can be used by all paternity testing, is very convenient. A person has 23 pairs (46) chromosome, the same position on the same chromosome a gene called alleles, a general from his father and one from the mother. If a DNA test to the site of the allele, the same as a mother, father and another should be the same, otherwise there is a doubt. The use of DNA for paternity testing, as long as a few dozen to a dozen sites for DNA testing, if all the same, we can determine the parent-child relationship, if there are more than three different sites, parent-child relationship can be ruled out, there are 12-bit Different point, it should consider the possibility of gene mutations, and do some testing sites to identify. DNA paternity testing, the negative parent-child relationship of nearly 100 percent accuracy rate, certainly the accuracy of the parent-child relationship can be reached 99.99 percent. DNA paternity test test FAQ What is a DNA paternity test test » DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the physical body of the atomic material. Each atom has 46 chromosomes, while men and women of the sperm cells and eggs, and each has 23 chromosomes, when the sperm and egg combination of time. This 46 atoms to create a life on the chromosome, each from a father who inherited half of the material elements, while the other half from the mother was. DNA paternity testing testing with the traditional blood tests are quite different. It can be in different tests on the samples, including blood, gills cavity cell, tissue samples and semen samples. Because blood type, such as Type A, B-, O-or-RH, the crowd in the use of more common, used to identify each individual's blood relationship, but as DNA paternity testing testing effective. In addition to the real twins, each person's DNA is unique. Because it is so unique, like fingerprints, for paternity testing, DNA is the most effective method. We are usually the result than the requirements of the court also accurate from 10 to 100 times.