The yeast and worms, simple biological evolution is how to birds and mammals such complex biological? A study conducted comparative genomics research shows, widely the answer to the problem may be hidden in the biological waste deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The scientists found that the more complex biological and its carrying the junk DNA, and the more they didn't code "useless" DNA help higher evolution of the complex.
Since the first eukaryotes -- including from yeast to human nuclei creatures -- since to be interpreted genome, scientists have wanted to know why, most of the DNA and no biological form useful genes. From the chromosome mutation protection to support structure for the so-called junk DNA could explain a lot of. But last year from humans, mice and rats of identical about junk DNA results show that in this area are important may include the regulating mechanism, which can control the basic biological chemical reactions and development process, this will help evolution of a more complicated. Compared with simple eukaryotes, complex organisms have more genes mutating will undoubtedly the greatly strengthened the fact that this one.
In order to this problem by a deeper understanding of the university of California, Santa cruz, UCSC (David) calculation biologists Haussler research group, a leading to 5 kinds of vertebrates -- people, rats, mice, chicken and the junk DNA sequences blowfish, with four insects, two worms and seven kinds of yeast junk DNA sequences are compared. Researchers from the result of an astonishing mode: the more complex and more important to junk DNA.
The possibility of implicit in different kinds of creatures, if you have the same DNA, so these will DNA is used to solve some key problems. The yeast and vertebrate sharing a certain amount of DNA, after all, they all need to manufacture protein, but only 15% of DNA and gene were not. Study group on July 14 of the human genome research magazine reported online, they will be more complicated with yeast compares the worms, and the latter is a multicellular organisms found that there was no 40% of the DNA encoding. Then, researchers will again be vertebrates and insects, and compares these creatures are more complex than the worms, and found that, there were more than 66% of DNA contains any code of DNA.
Participate in the research work of Adam biologists Siepel UCSC calculation, the research results about the worm, which is seriously need for them because scientists just two genomes are analyzed. Nonetheless, or think, this Siepel strongly support that such a theory that vertebrates and increase the complexity of biological insects is mainly due to genetic regulation of fine mode
2008年11月22日星期六
Modern plasmid DNA separation
Modern plasmid DNA separation and purification of separation from escherichia coli, since big represented in e. (E.c oli) and molecular biology, from the important status in the E.c oli separation and purification qc Piasmid < > become DNA DNA in recent years over an important topic of centrifugal technology. But the plasmid DNA separation and purification of super fast and centrifugal equipment (speeding centrifuge, turn and accessory) put forward higher request.
E.c oli is typical of prokaryote cells, due to lack of its nuclear prokaryote cells that have cell membranes of the unit can be separated with multiple functions for the components of the regional and local independent system, thus not endometrial cells contain nuclei (nuclear, organelles endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, body, the lysosome, etc.). Electron micrograph E.c oli two can show the difference between internal areas -- the cytoplasm and nuclear, in their around a layer of thinner outside the plasma membrane and very thick in the cell walls, and some end external attached of free flagellum. Plasmid DNA located in nuclear zone, filaments exist, such filaments in many cases is material very long annular DNA fragments of the secret that folded.
On the microstructure E.c oli to point, the super centrifugal separation and purification plasmid DNA sequence is before the pretreatment of:
E.c oli to use lysozyme, surfactants used to cell Trit, such as SDS X - 100, acetic acid, etc EE membrane pot that DNA, RNA and protein most sedimentation (90%).
Sediment can add TE buffer 10m (MTris - lmMEDTA pH8.0), HCL in - after the protein, and advances to go RNA, Can also be used to protein, speed centrifugation (level, to go to the RNA DNA or DNA fragments.
The plasmid DNA separation method of speeding.
The traditional separation method: a few years ago by equipment, plasmid DNA restriction of general use CsCl balance, separated from forming gradient centrifugation, density. With 10 ~ 12ml single capacity, for example, in turn, sling flat 36.000 RPM separated by 60 hours with Angle type head, 45, separation, the former inter OOOrpm 36 hours, including deceleration share to 1.3 billion of life, the latter to drive to use to 1 million to drive, the ministry of life at speed centrifuge total lifespan of 100 to 200 million each turn, undoubtedly, plus high cost experiment, the price of your CsCl dosage, make this type of factors such as the separation and purification of experimental work become very expensive.
E.c oli is typical of prokaryote cells, due to lack of its nuclear prokaryote cells that have cell membranes of the unit can be separated with multiple functions for the components of the regional and local independent system, thus not endometrial cells contain nuclei (nuclear, organelles endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, body, the lysosome, etc.). Electron micrograph E.c oli two can show the difference between internal areas -- the cytoplasm and nuclear, in their around a layer of thinner outside the plasma membrane and very thick in the cell walls, and some end external attached of free flagellum. Plasmid DNA located in nuclear zone, filaments exist, such filaments in many cases is material very long annular DNA fragments of the secret that folded.
On the microstructure E.c oli to point, the super centrifugal separation and purification plasmid DNA sequence is before the pretreatment of:
E.c oli to use lysozyme, surfactants used to cell Trit, such as SDS X - 100, acetic acid, etc EE membrane pot that DNA, RNA and protein most sedimentation (90%).
Sediment can add TE buffer 10m (MTris - lmMEDTA pH8.0), HCL in - after the protein, and advances to go RNA, Can also be used to protein, speed centrifugation (level, to go to the RNA DNA or DNA fragments.
The plasmid DNA separation method of speeding.
The traditional separation method: a few years ago by equipment, plasmid DNA restriction of general use CsCl balance, separated from forming gradient centrifugation, density. With 10 ~ 12ml single capacity, for example, in turn, sling flat 36.000 RPM separated by 60 hours with Angle type head, 45, separation, the former inter OOOrpm 36 hours, including deceleration share to 1.3 billion of life, the latter to drive to use to 1 million to drive, the ministry of life at speed centrifuge total lifespan of 100 to 200 million each turn, undoubtedly, plus high cost experiment, the price of your CsCl dosage, make this type of factors such as the separation and purification of experimental work become very expensive.
Appraisal parenthood
Appraisal parenthood currently use most of the DNA of identification. Is A person's blood, hair, saliva, oral cells can be used in parent-child etc., is very convenient. One of the 23 chromosomes (46), the same chromosome the same position as a pair of genetic alleles, usually one from the father, and from the mother. A If a DNA test to the site, a mother alleles, another can be the same with the father, or a question.
Using DNA in parent-child identification, just as ten to dozens of DNA test, if all sites, can be used to determine if a child, above 3 different sites, exclude parenthood, one or two different sites, should consider the gene mutations can do some sites, plus the check. DNA parent-child relationship, the accuracy of negation parent-child relationship, nearly 100% accuracy of the child reaches got.
DNA tests of common problem child identification
What is the child of DNA tests identified?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is personal cells in the body of the atomic matter. Each atom is 46 chromosomes, in addition, men and women's eggs sperm cells, each with 23 chromosomes, when sperm and egg combination. This 46 atomic chromosome is a life, therefore, each from his inherited half of molecules, and the other half from birth place.
DNA parent-child appraisal test and the traditional blood test is quite different. It may be in different samples, including blood tests on the cheek, cells, tissue cells cavity sample and semen samples. Due to blood types, such as A type, type B, type O or RH type, in the crowd, used to distinguish comparison of every man, but not valid identification of DNA tests child. Besides, the real twins each DNA is unique because it is so unique. Like fingerprint identification, child, used to be the most effective method of DNA. Our results are usually required than court accurate 10 to 100 times.
The identification of the parent accuracy
DNA parent-child appraisal is the most accurate identification method, if the child QinQuan genetic loci and tested the man (at least 1) sites, so the man inconsistent and 100% excluded, namely consanguinity absolutely impossible, he is the father of the child. If children and parents are the sites, we can draw the possibility of greater QinQuan relations, namely that got the kinship relations between them kiss.
Parent: (1) was identified notice shall be designated by the mother - the son - suspicious father or the parents and children - father or mother only two people generally not accepting JianDingZhe, (2) per adult consent to be identified, 12 years of teenagers should be appropriate to the identification of the opinion, (3) by expert should know his near relatives or any genetic history, (4) age generally identified children aged in half as well, (5) amniotic fluid or fluffy for pregnant women and suspected child appraisal shall be signed by identifying the father aggrement.
Using DNA in parent-child identification, just as ten to dozens of DNA test, if all sites, can be used to determine if a child, above 3 different sites, exclude parenthood, one or two different sites, should consider the gene mutations can do some sites, plus the check. DNA parent-child relationship, the accuracy of negation parent-child relationship, nearly 100% accuracy of the child reaches got.
DNA tests of common problem child identification
What is the child of DNA tests identified?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is personal cells in the body of the atomic matter. Each atom is 46 chromosomes, in addition, men and women's eggs sperm cells, each with 23 chromosomes, when sperm and egg combination. This 46 atomic chromosome is a life, therefore, each from his inherited half of molecules, and the other half from birth place.
DNA parent-child appraisal test and the traditional blood test is quite different. It may be in different samples, including blood tests on the cheek, cells, tissue cells cavity sample and semen samples. Due to blood types, such as A type, type B, type O or RH type, in the crowd, used to distinguish comparison of every man, but not valid identification of DNA tests child. Besides, the real twins each DNA is unique because it is so unique. Like fingerprint identification, child, used to be the most effective method of DNA. Our results are usually required than court accurate 10 to 100 times.
The identification of the parent accuracy
DNA parent-child appraisal is the most accurate identification method, if the child QinQuan genetic loci and tested the man (at least 1) sites, so the man inconsistent and 100% excluded, namely consanguinity absolutely impossible, he is the father of the child. If children and parents are the sites, we can draw the possibility of greater QinQuan relations, namely that got the kinship relations between them kiss.
Parent: (1) was identified notice shall be designated by the mother - the son - suspicious father or the parents and children - father or mother only two people generally not accepting JianDingZhe, (2) per adult consent to be identified, 12 years of teenagers should be appropriate to the identification of the opinion, (3) by expert should know his near relatives or any genetic history, (4) age generally identified children aged in half as well, (5) amniotic fluid or fluffy for pregnant women and suspected child appraisal shall be signed by identifying the father aggrement.
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