DNA paternity test

Identification of parent-child relations are the most use of DNA typing is identified. People's blood, hair, saliva, oral cells can be used by all paternity testing, is very convenient. A person has 23 pairs (46) chromosome, the same position on the same chromosome a gene called alleles, a general from his father and one from the mother. If a DNA test to the site of the allele, the same as a mother, father and another should be the same, otherwise there is a doubt. The use of DNA for paternity testing, as long as a few dozen to a dozen sites for DNA testing, if all the same, we can determine the parent-child relationship, if there are more than three different sites, parent-child relationship can be ruled out, there are 12-bit Different point, it should consider the possibility of gene mutations, and do some testing sites to identify. DNA paternity testing, the negative parent-child relationship of nearly 100 percent accuracy rate, certainly the accuracy of the parent-child relationship can be reached 99.99 percent. DNA paternity test test FAQ What is a DNA paternity test test » DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the physical body of the atomic material. Each atom has 46 chromosomes, while men and women of the sperm cells and eggs, and each has 23 chromosomes, when the sperm and egg combination of time. This 46 atoms to create a life on the chromosome, each from a father who inherited half of the material elements, while the other half from the mother was. DNA paternity testing testing with the traditional blood tests are quite different. It can be in different tests on the samples, including blood, gills cavity cell, tissue samples and semen samples. Because blood type, such as Type A, B-, O-or-RH, the crowd in the use of more common, used to identify each individual's blood relationship, but as DNA paternity testing testing effective. In addition to the real twins, each person's DNA is unique. Because it is so unique, like fingerprints, for paternity testing, DNA is the most effective method. We are usually the result than the requirements of the court also accurate from 10 to 100 times.

DNA replacement

Gene therapy is integrated with the normal gene into the cells, to correction and replacement of a disease gene therapy. Currently in broad terms, some will be transferred to the genetic material of cells, in its role to achieve the objective method of treatment of disease, but also that of gene therapy. At present gene therapy, the method used can basically be divided into the following: 1  DNA Correction DNA correction that will be linked pathogenic DNA base pairs to correct the anomaly, and normal part be retained. 2. DNA replacement DNA replacement is to use the normal DNA in DNA by homologous recombination, in situ lesions replacement cells pathogen DNA, the DNA within the cell to fully return to normal conditions. 3. The addition of DNA DNA will be added to that purpose DNA into cells or other cell disease, removing abnormal DNA, but through DNA purpose of the non-targeting, the expression of compensation to the function of DNA defects or the original function has been strengthened. At present DNA for use of such methods. This approach is the addition of the more dominant DNA for the treatment of recessive disease. 4. DNA inactivation Early generally refers to anti-sense DNA technology. It is the specific anti-RNA, including antisense RNA, antisense and ribozymes DNA into cells, transcription and translation in blocking the abnormal expression of certain genes. In recent years another anti-gene strategy, peptide nucleic acid, DNA and RNA interference removal. [DNA is the genetic material of all biological basis: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a class of nucleic acid, the molecule contains deoxyribose named. DNA molecules very large (at least in general molecular weight over 1 million), the main component is deoxynucleotidyl adenine, guanine deoxynucleotidyl, thymine and cytosine deoxynucleotidyl deoxynucleotidyl. DNA exists in the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, can also be free to exist in some state of the cell cytoplasm. Most of the known phage, part of a small number of plant and animal virus also contain the virus in the DNA. In addition to RNA (ribonucleic acid) and the phage, DNA is the genetic material of all biological basis. Parent-child organisms and the similarity between the so-called inheritance of genetic information, are stored in the DNA molecule. 1953,詹姆斯沃森and Francis Crick describe the structure of DNA: from one-to-many linked nucleotide composition of each other coiled double helix. They and London's National Institute of Technology physicist Frederick Ke Wei Er Jinsi shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. [Obesity gene -- The Royal London Hospital scientists found that obesity in the body, there is a unique function of the gene, the gene of the three members of the body of the chromosome. As the obesity gene existed only in the body, so scientists call it "fat gene." The study found that obesity gene can promote the body to create a transport fat in the blood protein - "APO-D" gene. The gene, the more fat the more fluent of blood transmission, the accumulation of body fat also the more people will be obese. Below scientists did an interesting experiment: Let a pair of carrying the obesity gene mice mating, the results of each roll and future generations of wandering round melon, which is tantamount to meat ball, and did not allow a mouse obesity gene for mating, birth The less fat in mice, each are very thin. Genetic scientists in accordance with this model, can also produce the body of fat at 20 to 50 percent of the Feishou different degrees of mice. Further found that the genetic obesity and the situation is slightly different from rodents, a generational genetic. That is, people can observe, in a considerable number of families, fat grandmother would not normally be obese gene passed on to their children, but passed on to her grandchildren. Scientists also found that obesity-related genes more than one. For example, New York, a Rockefeller University research team recently announced that they After eight years of long study, found that a control appetite and energy metabolism genes. It is said that this gene can be sent to the brain to stop eating a signal to the brain so that the masters of timely weakening appetite, in order to avoid excess energy if the gene variation, the owner will be increased appetite, Tanzui eat, and eventually become A big fat man. Further research revealed that the gene from the 4500 base component, part of which can produce from 167 amino acids of the protein. If this normal protein synthesis, will be sent to the brain's signal to stop eating if the protein coding the amino acid composition of coding the first 105 amino acid residues of the unusual base, the signal will stop eating failure, leading to obesity.

dna

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The main role of DNA is the lon-term storage of information and it is often compared to a set of blueprints, since DNA contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information

DNA video

DNA is the carrier of genetic information

DNA is the carrier of genetic information, the parent must take their own DNA molecule as a template accurate reproduction into two copies, and assigned to the two daughter cells, go to complete its mission of the carrier of genetic information. And the double-stranded DNA structure of this type of genetic material for the maintenance of the stability and the accuracy of reproduction are extremely important. (A) DNA copy of the semi-reservation Click Waston and raised in the DNA double helix structure on the model of DNA replication during the process of the study, they speculate, DNA base pairs in the process of copying the hydrogen bonds between the first fracture, double helix of the Rotary separately, were linked to each template Synthesis of the new chain, each offspring of a DNA chain from the pro-generation, and the other is a new synthesis, so as to retain a half-copy (semiconservative replication). (B) DNA replication 1. DNA double helix of the rotation (1) single chain DNA-binding protein (single-stranded DNA binding protein, ssbDNA protein) (2) DNA helicase (DNA helicase) (3) DNA of the chain 2. Okazaki fragments and a half does not copy a row 3. Copy the trigger and termination (C) telomeres and telomerase 1941-American Indians McClintock (Mc Clintock) raised a telomere (telomere) of the hypothesis that the chromosome ends must exist a special structure - the telomere. Telomere now known at least two roles: ① chromosome end protection from damage to chromosomes remained stable; ② and nuclear fiber-connected so that the chromosome can be targeted. [DNA of the physical and chemical properties -- [Edit this paragraph] DNA is macromolecular polymers, DNA solution for the polymer solution, with very high viscosity. DNA on the role of ultraviolet radiation is absorbed, when the nucleic acid degeneration, the absorption value increased when the degeneration of the nucleic acid can be complex, absorption values will be restored to the original level. Temperature, organic solvents, acidity, urea, amide, and other reagents DNA molecules can cause degeneration, even in the DNA double bond between the hydrogen bond breaking double helix structure untied. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that DNA (genes and chromosomes an integral part of) deoxynucleotidyl the polymer, is the major components of chromosomes. The vast majority of genetic information stored in the DNA molecule. [Distribution and function -- [Edit this paragraph] Prokaryotic cell chromosome is a long DNA molecule. Eukaryotic cells in more than one chromosome, each chromosome containing only a DNA molecule. But their general than the original cells in the DNA molecule and protein and the combination. DNA molecule's function is the storage of all species decision RNA structure of the protein and all the genetic information; orderly planning of cells and tissue components of the time and space; identified throughout the life cycle of biological activity and identify biological personality. In addition to chromosomal DNA, a very small amount of the different structure of DNA found in eukaryotic cells in the mitochondria and chloroplasts. DNA of the virus genetic material is DNA. [The discovery of DNA -- [Edit this paragraph] Since the genetic Mendel's law was re-discovered, the people also raised a question: genetic factor is not a material entity » In order to solve the problem of what is, people began to DNA and protein research. As early as 1868, people have discovered DNA. German chemist in the laboratory Huopei Siler, a Swiss post-graduate名叫米歇尔(1844 - 1895), his lab near a hospital threw the bandage with a sense of Nongxue Interest, because he knows that those Nongxue to defend human health, germs and "combat" and died in the WBC and was killed in human cells, "body." So he carefully the bandage on the Nongxue collected and used pepsin decomposition, and found the bodies of most of the cell decomposition, but the nuclear non-functional. He further material within the nucleus of an analysis and found that cells containing a phosphorus and nitrogen-rich material. Huopei Siler experiments with yeast, that the nucleus Michel substances found to be correct. So he would give such a separation from the nucleus of the material named "nuclide", and later it was discovered that it was acidic, so to call "DNA." From then on the people of nucleic acid carried out a series of fruitful research. The early 20th century, Germany Ke Saier (1853 - 1927) and two of his students Jones (1865 - 1935) and Levin (1869 - 1940) study, understand the basic chemical structure of nucleic acid, that it Nucleotide is composed of many macromolecules. Nucleotide base pairs from, ribose and phosphate posed. Of which there are four kinds of bases (gland Piao Yin, the birds allopurinol-Yin, thymine and cytosine), there are two ribose (ribose, deoxyribose), the DNA into RNA (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) . Levin eager to present his research results, the misconception that four kinds of bases in DNA, are equivalent to the volume, which is derived from the basic structure of DNA by four with different nucleotide base pairs of connecting the four-nucleoside Acid, as the basis for a nucleic acid polymer, proposed a "four nucleotide hypothesis." This hypothesis wrong, the understanding of the complex structure of nucleic acids from the considerable obstacles, also, to a certain extent, affected the people's understanding of the function of DNA. It was felt that although the DNA structure exists in the important - the nucleus, but its structure is too simple, it is difficult to envisage it in the process of genetic what role. Protein than the discovery of DNA as early as 30, have developed rapidly. The beginning of the 20th century, composed of 20 kinds of protein has 12 kinds of amino acids were found to 1940, all were found. 1902, a German chemist for Xie Erti between amino acid peptide chain connected to the formation of protein theory, in 1917 he was synthesized by the glycine 15 leucine and three of the 18 components of long-chain peptide . Thus, some scientists envisaged, it's likely that the genetic protein plays a major role. If the participation of genetic DNA, and protein is also bound together the nucleoprotein at work. Therefore, when biological protein is generally inclined to think that the carrier of genetic information. 1928, U.S. scientists Griffith (1877 - 1941) have used a capsule, and a toxic-free capsule, toxic weak Streptococcus pneumoniae experiments on rats. He used a high temperature to kill bacteria pod after pod with no live bacteria inject people with mice, rats and he soon found that the incidence death, and he's in the blood of rats from isolated the bacteria live in a pod. This shows that even without passing bacteria from the dead of a pod of what was in the material, so that no dioxin into a pod of bacteria. This assumption is correct? » Griffith also in the test tube experiments and found to have died in the U.S. with live bacteria without passing on the bacteria at the same time in test-tube culture, without passing all of a pod into a bacteria, and found that no pod of long Protein to dioxins is dead in a pod of shell left over from the nucleic acid (as in the heating, dioxin in the nucleic acid has not been damaged). Griffith said the DNA for "transforming factor." 1944, the United States Xijunxuejia Avery (1877 - 1955) from the United States have isolated the activity of the "conversion factor", and this kind of material to the test whether there is the protein test results were negative, and proved "Conversion factor" is the DNA. However, this discovery has not been widely recognized, people suspected of technology at that time can not be a net addition of protein, a protein residue into the role. American scientists德尔布吕克Germany (1906 - 1981) of the phage group firmly believe that the discovery of Avery inalienable. Because they are under the electron microscope to observe the shape of the phage into E. coli and the growth process. Phage bacterial cell is a host for the virus, individual and small, with only electron microscope to see it. It is like a small tadpole, the external is composed of protein from the first film and the tail sheath, the head of the internal containing DNA, on the tail end of silk sheath, the substrate and small hook. When the phage infection Escherichia coli, the first扎in the tail end of the cell membrane of bacteria, then it would inject all of the DNA in human cells to the bacteria, protein shell of bacteria cells remain on the outside, no longer what role the . After the bacteria enter the cells of the phage DNA, the use of bacterial material and rapid synthesis of DNA and protein phage, which many copy and the original shape of the same size phage new phage, until the bacteria was completely disintegrated, these phage did not leave the dead bacteria , Go the other bacterial infection. In 1952, key members of phage dna group Heer Xi (1908) and his students Chase isotope tag with advanced technology, do phage infection of the E. coli experiments. He E. coli T2 phage DNA markers on 32 P, protein shell markings on the 35 S. To use the T2 tag phage infection of the E. coli, and then be separated, the phage will be marked with 35 S shell to stay outside in E. coli, only within a 32 P phage DNA markers were all Note Escherichia coli, E. coli, and Phage the successful conduct of breeding. This experiment proved that a DNA transfer of genetic information, which is the protein from the DNA of the directive. This result was immediately accepted by the academic community. Almost at the same time, Austria biochemists Chargaff (1905 -) in the four kinds of nucleic acid bases in the re-determination have been fruitful. In Avery's work under the influence, he considered that if the different species is due to the different DNA, the DNA structure must be very complicated, or difficult to adapt to biological diversity. Therefore, he set out on the text of the "four nucleotide hypothesis" had a doubt.dna dna dna dna dna

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA, for the acronym in English Deoxyribonucleic acid), also known as DNA, chromosome is the main chemical constituents, but also of genetic material. Sometimes referred to as "genetic particles," because during the breeding process, the father of the generation part of their own DNA copy delivered to offspring, thus completing the spread of characters. a. DNA is a nucleic acid from the monomer polymerization from the polymer. b. DNA from each composed of three parts: part of the five members of nitrogenous base + carbon sugar (deoxyribose) + member of phosphate. c. The nitrogen-containing nucleic acid bases can be divided into four categories: guanine (G), thymine (T), adenine (A), cytosine (C) d. DNA base pairs of four nitrogen-containing components of species-specific. That is, the ratio of four nitrogen-containing bases in the same species, different individuals is the same, but again there are different species differences. e. DNA base pairs of four nitrogen ratio is peculiar laws, and every kind of DNA in the organism A ≈ TC ≈ G Jia Kafu law. Discovery of DNA Michel called nucleic acid is a young Swiss chemist discovered, it's still 1869, to 1909, a U.S. biochemist also found that DNA in the two ribose molecule carbohydrates, nucleic acids also have two , Called a deoxyribose acid, is the English abbreviation for DNA, the other is RNA, the initials are RNA. DNA in the nuclei in general only, and RNA in the nucleus in addition to Chinese and foreign, also located in the cytoplasm. Xijunxuejia Avery pneumococcal transformation through research, the accidental discovery of the DNA, is that many people were looking for a long time the genetic material. In the DNA, the genetic secrets of life with the genetic material, so, in the end decide what is to explore the phenomenon of genetic life, and finally to the open secret of the time, at this time is the 1940s. Untie the secret DNA When the gene is found DNA, people still like to know how this DNA is a kind of things, it is also what specific approach to the lives of so many information to the new successor does » First of all people want to know what DNA is composed of human love is always asked at the end of this shaver. The results have a called Levin of scientists through research, found that DNA from four of the smaller things, these four things name is the total nucleotide, like four brothers, all of them named nucleotide, But names are different, are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T), the four names to remember, but remember that as long as the DNA is from four Nucleotide only casually together, and they have no connection to each other laws, but later nucleotides in fact not the same, and their mutual combination of the ever-changing methods of great mystery. Even a single nucleotide into a chain, linked by two nucleotide a certain order, and then twisted into a "Serratula" kind, a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the molecular structure. In this structure, every three bases can form a genetic "password" and a DNA base pairs on as many as several million, so each DNA is a significant genetic code books, the inside of the genetic information In countless more, this DNA molecule found in the nucleus on the chromosome. They will pass with cell division genetic code.

genetic level above 99 percent is the same

Any two people at the genetic level above 99 percent is the same, only a small part of the genome sequences vary from person to person. Understand these differences can help us understand human disease susceptibility, and environmental factors on drug response of the different. "Genomics Research Institute in Shenzhen, Dr. Ye Jia accept the" scientific Times "told reporters. In recent years, a large number of epidemiological investigation and study results showed that the incidence of certain diseases in the existence of significant differences among different races. If the incidence of hypertension in white for 5% to 7%, while in blacks could be as high as 20 percent to 30 percent, the lowest yellow people. China's different ethnic groups among the incidence of hypertension there are also significant differences. However, this difference is come from » Study found that the genome of different people at least 99.99 percent of the base pairs are the same, only less than 0.01 percent of the existence of differences. However, this is called "single nucleotide polymorphisms" the DNA bases on a single chain of change, not only the people decide whether or not susceptible to certain diseases, but also between different races decided in height, colour and size Such as the difference. At present the relationship of these scientists also know little about. April 14, 2003, from the United States, Britain, Japan, France, Germany and Chinese scientists to participate in the six countries, known as "life sciences landing program," The Human Genome Project, completed by the 3 billion base pairs of The key to the human genome sequence of DNA sequencing work plan. CAS academicians, the National Human Genome Research Center of the South Executive Director, said researcher Zhao Ping, has completed the human genome (sequence) from different ethnic origin of the five individual, is a reference atlas. In order to health and medical applications, the scientific community must recognize different types of people in the sequence between the differences and these differences in health and disease and the mutual relations, until the last to understand these differences to the table of the mechanism. Mr Jia said with emotion: "2007, sequencing technology was a great breakthrough in sequencing capacity as a hundredfold increase, the cost of sequencing a hundredfold fall. DNA Father James Watson, genomics pioneer J. Craig Venter personal genome And 'Yanhuang on the 1st,' the first Chinese person has complete genome. These are carried out for 1,000 genome project laid the foundation. " Goals: a high-precision genetic variation map The current human genetic variation data, such as the human genome haplotype map (HapMap), has been confirmed that the value of human genetic research. Haplotype map and the use of relevant data, scientists have discovered more than 100 common diseases associated with the human genome region. However, due to the existing patterns of fine is not enough, researchers often need to both expensive and time-consuming DNA sequencing to further precision to find disease genes and their variability. Genome project through the 1,000-painted on the new map will allow researchers to more quickly identified and disease-related gene mutation, thereby able to use such genetic information more quickly develop common disease diagnosis, treatment and prevention of new Strategy. "It aims to end a very high accuracy and cover nearly all of the genome map of genetic variation, to provide the basis of human genetic variation information for the study of human-specific diseases." Mr Jia said. The so-called 1,000 genome project is not only sequenced the genome of 1,000 individuals, but to sequence more than 1,000 personal genome. The first is his personal genome sequenced the entire genome to understand the situation and then proceed to a large number of individual genome comparative analysis. According to Jia Ye, 1,000 genome project's first phase will take about one year, three experimental pilot projects that the results will be used to determine how efficient and cost-effectively drawing this map of human genetic differences. The first pilot project will include two experimental nuclear families (parents and a grown-up children) the whole genome sequencing depth of each genome sequencing, the average depth is 20 times that of repeated 20 times. This six individual generated by comprehensive and detailed data sets, this plan will help determine how to use new sequencing platform to identify genetic variation. This is both a personal genome on a method of exploration, will also serve as the whole scheme of other projects to compare the foundation. The second pilot experiment project will conduct 180 individual shallow sequencing of each genome is twice the average depth. This will be used to test new sequencing technology LIGHT sequencing data for detection and location of the sequence variation capacity. The third project will pilot test of the 1000 Personal 1000 coding regions (also called exons) of the sequence, its purpose is to explore how better to be about 2 percent of the genome of protein coding genes of a more detailed map. 1,000 Genome Project sequencing work will be Britain's Sanger Institute, China's Shenzhen, Genomics Research Institute, and including the Broad Institute, Washington University School of Medicine Genome Sequencing Center and Baylor College of Human Genome Sequencing Center, U.S. Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) of large-scale sequencing platform shared. Mr Jia said: "This is a project of international cooperation, Shenzhen, Genomics Research Institute as a major commitment to one of the existing cooperation in information systems unit of the State Engineering Research Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Beijing Genome Institute, hope to have An increasing number of research institutions in. " Means: low-cost efficient sequencing technology 1990, the U.S. Congress formally approved the Human Genome Project. The human genome project took 13 years and cost about 3 billion U.S. dollars, during which a total of six of the 16 national laboratories more than about 1,100 biologists and computer experts involved in the human history of the largest scientific research. "1,000 genome project so ambitious project two years ago is not imagination, are now able to start due to sequencing technology, bioinformatics and genomics groups such as the development of disciplines and technological progress." Mr Jia said. Mr Jia told reporters that "Yanhuang No. 1" in the work of overcoming a lot of technical problems, and accumulated a lot of experience and methods. For example, the completion of "Yanhuang 1" Genome Sequencing the time, Chinese scientists and a good grasp on the application of the genome as a personal basis of the next generation of sequencing technology and the establishment of a large number of follow-up analysis, the splicing method, all For 1,000 genome project has laid a good foundation. Although the sequencing technology and a significant reduction in cost, but sequencing a genome or individual pieces of a very extravagant things. May 31, 2007, the Nobel laureate, known as "DNA of the father" of the United States become a world famous scientist詹姆斯沃森first solo version of the genome owner, but the cost of up to 2 million U.S. dollars. Watson completed DNA sequencing work of the United States 454 life sciences companies Jonathan Rothberg, founder and president, said: "We are in a 10,000 U.S. dollars gene map forward, will soon be reduced to 1,000 U.S. dollars." Genome project will be 1,000 Use of several new high-throughput sequencing platform, through the establishment of more efficient and lower-priced new sequencing technology, the plan will ultimately cost could be reduced to 30-50 million U.S. dollars, time shortened to three years. Mr Jia also said: "Although a great breakthroughs in science and technology, but sequencing a person's genome will be temporarily in the cost of 10 million yuan on. Hope in the near future, with the sequencing of the lower cost, work Constantly improve the speed, each of us can get our own genome, as we go to the hospital for an X-ray inspection as easy. " In co-sponsor and participate in the international genome project of 1,000 at the same time, Shenzhen, Genomics Institute of China also initiated the "Yanhuang plan" so that a wider study of the Chinese population genetic variation, high-resolution mapping of the Chinese people Patterns of genetic variation. Published in the first of China's high-quality genome - "Yanhuang 1", launched the second phase of the "Yanhuang 99" plan, the study will be 99 individual Chinese people to genome sequencing and polymorphism Comparison. Shenzhen, Genomics Research Institute to participate in 1,000 Genome Project completed the sequencing Chinese samples will serve as "Yanhuang" part.

HBV-DNA

DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, the virus is relying on DNA copy of the copy to complete, DNA showed that the higher the concentration of virus replication drug more active, HBV-DNA HBV infection is the most direct, specific and highly sensitive indicators, HBV - DNA positive, suggesting that HBV replication and infectious. HBV-DNA replication Unlike a real organism, the virus is not split by the growth and reproduction, including their own, but we like casting machine parts, according to a copy out of the mold. Virus DNA contains a number of procedures to guide the virus genetic material and other structural components of proliferation. In addition, the viral DNA also contains some information to make a single component with the help of cytokines, spontaneous assembly into a new virus particles. In medicine, the propagation of the virus known as the "copy", in the process of reproduction, there are two very important factors: One is the catalyst, and the other is a template. Without these two factors, hepatitis B virus can not reproduce. Hepatitis B virus replication "catalyst" is the hepatitis B virus DNA (that is, HBV-DNA) polymerase. This polymerase not the role of hepatitis B virus replication will stop. Hepatitis B virus genome (HBV-DNA) by two spiral of DNA chain surrounded a ring structure. One of which has been linked with negative longer a complete ring and another one is the shorter length of chain, a semi-circular. Infected cells in the liver, this semi-ring of DNA strands will be linked to negative as a template, the catalyst ─ ─ HBV-DNA polymerase to extend the role of the ultimate form a complete ring. At that moment, the hepatitis B virus genome to form a complete ring of the double-stranded DNA. We have this DNA called covalent closed circular DNA (that is, cccDNA), it can be seen as a virus replication of the original template. Template form, the virus genes to one of a cccDNA as a template, the use of liver cell gene in the DNA polymerase enzymes and the "catalyst", a section of a section of genes and gene copy, a negative chain and are linked. And then assemble together to form a new HBV-DNA particles. HBV-DNA normal Usually less than 10 of the three power, the conclusion was negative, the report write negative, or "<10 3 power." HBV-DNA examination is very sensitive, changes in the same order of magnitude that the virus can not normally change, for example, 2 X10 5 and 5 X10 power of the five power is not very likely to change, but the five-power 2 X10 and 2 X10 power of the four, there is Changed. It is worth noting that, HBV-DNA-positive hepatitis B carriers may not require treatment, but also with aminotransferase (ALT) level. In general, only when aminotransferase 2 times greater than normal when they should be given treatment; HBV-DNA value of the number of liver damage and the extent there is no direct relationship. Da Sanyang carriers of hepatitis B HBV-DNA higher than normal, but severe liver damage may not be, because hepatitis B virus itself does not directly harm the liver cells

DNA sequence

In molecular biology research, DNA sequence analysis is further research and the basis of the target gene. At present the technology for sequencing, and other major Sanger (1977) invented the end-mediated chain termination method and Maxam and Gilbert (1977) invented the chemical degradation method. This two kinds of methods in principle, very different, but are based on the nucleotide in a fixed point, random in a particular base at the end, a A, T, C, G four different length of the A series of nucleotides, and then urea degeneration PAGE gel electrophoresis test to obtain DNA sequence. Currently Sanger sequencing method has been widely used. Sanger sequencing method is the principle of using a combination of DNA polymerase to extend the template sequence to be determined on the primer. Until the introduction of a chain of nucleotides termination. Each time a sequence of four separate from the reaction composition, each containing all four reaction deoxynucleotidyl triphosphate (dNTP), and mixed with a limited number of different dideoxy nucleoside triphosphate (ddNTP) . As ddNTP lack of extension of the required 3 - OH group, to extend the oligonucleotide selective in G, A, T, C or terminated. Termination points from the corresponding reaction dideoxy on. Each of dNTPs ddNTPs and the relative concentration can be adjusted so that the reaction of several hundred to several thousand head of a base linked to terminate the product. They have a common starting point, but terminated in different nucleotide, through high-resolution degeneration gel electrophoresis separation of fragments of different sizes, the gel can be used after X-ray film Autoradiography or non-isotopic tags Jin

PCR technology

PCR technology with a high degree of specificity, selectivity, sensitivity, and fast, simple and easy automation, in clinical work in wide attention and reasonable application. At present in many of our primary health care units have been carried out PCR application of the research. PCR technology is very simple, very clear principle, conditional units can be implemented more smoothly, but after all PCR technique is a new thing, subject to many conditions factors, it is not easy to do better. PCR technology applications in the encounter in the course of this or that issue, even more will be completed with the fact that the opposite result. To enable us to smoothly carry out PCR work, and better tools to play the role of PCR technology, we work under the PCR years of lessons learned, the PCR amplification process of some of the problems often appear with a brief summary, available to the general scientific research Workers as a reference, Paozhuanyinyu, welcomed the inadequacy of the correction. A false positive amplification Sometimes in the course of the experiment will be met by all the samples tested positive, and electrophoresis of PCR products with uniform brightness, which is amplified when the system is polluted the most typical of a performance, need to carefully inspect and remove sources of pollution, the general should be Start the following steps: ⒈ reagents pollution: Reagents provided by the manufacturer or a component in the factory or the transport, storage process of being contaminated. Detection method can be reagent kit brochures will be installed at a direct place in the PCR-amplified (without the negative control, and adequate distilled water), will be simple and effective reagent to judge whether the contamination. ⒉ laboratory contamination: This is the most common sources of pollution, because of PCR technology in a few hours in the template will be some specific amplification to the millions of times more likely to result in the expansion of mandrax electrophoresis process of pollution, such as pipettes, console With the evaporation or by the formation of aerosol pollution and the whole laboratory. Amplified products is the most effective templates, once the pollution of their pollution levels are more serious. Judgement: the experiment could be the most crucial steps such as packaging reagents, sample processing transfer to a new environment or transferred to the ultra-clean work Taichung completed. Of course, the use of pipettes, Tsui suction tube (centrifuge tube) should be completely replaced. Solution: laboratory contamination of PCR is the most vulnerable in the course of the phenomenon, but once the pollution, eliminate sources of pollution also extremely difficult, often takes the entire laboratory and experimental equipment cleaned thoroughly dealt with, so it should be a prevention-oriented, experimental In strict compliance with the basic requirements of sample processing and amplification and electrophoresis product should be separated as much as possible, preferably in two rooms. Amplified by the pre-treatment with pipettes and after the sample was amplified by the Pipettes should be strictly separated, not interchangeable. PCR room should maintain good ventilation, cleaning, preferably exclusive. ⒊ pollution sampling: In the course of the experiment, and sometimes there will be a number of positive results of the high rate, and a number of positive results and rate of decline in many, so repeatedly, a phenomenon largely because of pollution caused by sampling, and generally speaking the formal reagent manufacturer, its agent The factory to go through strict quality inspection, grant, award, in particular the differences are very small, so obviously there will not be repeated, this phenomenon was mainly due to the collection of samples or suction tube caused by pollution. PCR amplification is very sensitive, and general laboratory test tube by the repeated use of the injection can not be washed way to remove trace DNA, trace DNA of these will become PCR template, a positive PCR result, the degree of contamination sample test tube Different, so there Mandrax Mandrax high-low phenomenon solutions recommended a suction tube and Tsui sampling. Second, the false negative amplification: If successive negative results are amplified, or known positive samples appear negative PCR result, the general view that this is false negative, there is this phenomenon for several reasons: ⒈ equipment failures: A full-Yam results, first of all to consider whether the normal operation of equipment. Correct judgement of the equipment working conditions, ruled out false negative is the basis for other reasons, the equipment is functioning properly PCR amplification Buju one of the most crucial. Judgement see if the equipment is normal, we must first of heating temperature of the accuracy of the volatility of the Chinese request, the difference between whether the hole to meet the requirements, PCR amplification of equipment are often heated and the temperature difference between the requirements of a high Accuracy, if too much error, it is bound to arise false negative. It should be noted that the letter can not be famous, we often found that some brand-name machines temperature differences as high as second over. ⒉ reagent failure or invalid: Whether the normal understanding of machinery, the reagent can detect. We must first understand whether the agent over the period to test whether the method of storage requirements, if the kit in the period to which the storage method is correct, then they should be carefully, carefully determine whether the reagent is invalid or failure reagents reagents. The positive samples can be known, or kit provided by the positive control, expanded operations in strict accordance with a statement, and then amplified by double-distilled product diluted 1,000 times, as a template for the second time amplification, judge the results, if it is Negative note reagent is invalid or failure, if the positive results of the following methods available then determine the sensitivity of reagents. ⒊ reagent sensitivity: Sometimes the positive test for low rate, the so-called partial-positive rate is the rate that a false negative result, this phenomenon often associated with the following three factors: But the quality of reagents ① Commissioner; ② operation was not standardized; ③ subjective criteria unscientific. The reagent is correct quality and operation of these two points is relatively easy to check and a reasonable improvement. Focus to mention here: there often encounter some unscientific concept, we used to use some samples should be negative, some samples should be positive, or simply to positive rates. The concept of subjective judgement whether the reagent qualified This is a very unscientific and subjective reasoning. If the determination of serum HBV, can not be used abstract should be a positive rate of 60% or 20% of such a concept to judge, the same can not "two pairs of semi-" the result of judgement "PCR results," This is because the "two On a half "and" PCR "are two totally different detection method, the results of the significance of the difference between its medical personnel for the information provided is very different and more by the use of the" two pairs of semi-"Reagents Whether as a quality evaluation standard test yet to be determined. The world's more recognized standards for Abbott's only "two pairs of semi-" reagents, domestic "two pairs of semi-" According to the Ministry of Health reagent checks show that the pass rate was 50 percent, how can you be assessed as a quality standard? Reagents sensitivity of the evaluation criteria should use the following method of scientific evaluation, the first sample selection criteria such as HBV sequence plasmid, the standard positive serum, such as tuberculosis bacteria use the appropriate medium such as serum and sputum, and so on a limited dilution 1:10,1:100,1:1000,1:10000 so gradually raise the price of its dilution of the sensitivity of reagent is generally believed that if the serum HBV positive standards with normal serum diluted 10,000 times more, per milliliter of TB In about 100 still measured positive results, the sensitivity of the reagent is sufficient to determine the sensitivity of reagent is sufficient to determine the sensitivity of reagents be judged after the detection reagent coverage, because pathogenic micro-organisms have different type or variation Strain, qualified reagents should not be Lou Jian. Finally kits to determine the opposite sex, the general laboratory can be used by different pathogens Manual operation of the sample to determine its expansion to other pathogens, also have a positive, the specificity of the accuracy of what can be achieved, after more than three areas of Scientific research will be able to judge the quality of reagents. Third, the amplified products tailing Sometimes amplified products electrophoresis after one fluorescent Mission (Smear phenomenon), or a series of bands, these kinds of phenomena with the following major factors: ⒈ amplification system flawed: This phenomenon shows that a non-specific amplification, and a non-specific amplification and amplification system in the concentration of magnesium ions, with concentration, DNTP is closely related to the concentration required serious adjustment with a view to avoid such a phenomenon. It is also appropriate to improve the annealing temperature, thereby enhancing amplification specificity. ⒉ imperfect template approach: The principle of PCR Although very simple, but the rational application of this technology is extremely complicated, such as the PCR DNA polymerase one of the major components of the impact of many factors, what is the role of these factors in the polymerase, the mechanism so far Still unclear, so is wrong with the improper handling of samples may inhibit amplification, may also lead to non-specific amplification. General secretion samples, mainly from exfoliated cells, to avoid collecting too many Nongxing secretions, and sputum samples must fully liquefaction, and so on. ⒊ primer design unreasonable: Primer design should be guided by several principles. First, the general primer should be composed of 15-30 months BP; Second, the primer in the base should be randomly distributed, the same can not have a bunch of other bases or not a common structure; third, GC base content should be 45 -- About 55%; Fourth, the two primers in the 3 'non-identity can not be there. To which primers and gene homology between the group is a non-specific amplification of the main reasons, we generally in the design of primers, often only aware of their genome sequence in a certain period, so we must make full use of such information ingenious design To a reasonable primer, and through repeated comparison, confirmed that the final to determine its ability to detect. 4, single-product of electrophoresis and fluorescence with more general with fluorescent PCR amplification, the PCR results of the judgement the most simple way is to agarose gel electrophoresis, bromine B amylin staining, 320 nm in the UV excitation observed Fluorescent strip, if there are clear and specific amplification product will be flat in electrophoresis expected a clear position in the fluorescent-band amplification system in accordance with the standard preparation of the response, with its concentration in the 0.1-0.5 mM , The general circulation by 30 after the expansion, there is still a considerable number of free primer exists, so there is a slab electrophoresis about 20 BP (electrophoresis faster), fluorescent light with the primer, so each electrophoresis Have two Ying-zone, in front of one, each of the points have everything with the primer. Primer design very important, because a large genome DNA sequence, in addition to the specific amplification, are often very easy to produce non-specific product. If the primer with the genome of the existence of a broader identity, then there will be serious non-specific expansion of mandrax, not only with the specific primer amplification regional integration, but also a series of regional and other non-specific binding, and the choice of primers, , And often have to consider sensitive issues, especially the clinical test kit, less able to detection of pathogens to a few, we mostly used in the pathogen genome duplication in the DNA sequence design primer, if they repeat not strictly homologous , On the possible length of the amplified products and a multi-band amplification. Pathogenic variant, with the foregoing, we often use the high sensitivity of a repeat of the gene as a primer design section, in some pathogens, such as tuberculosis in the treatment process, will be a serious distortion, including its Genetic material changes in the chromosome deletion, ranging from digital exchange, such as the insertion of other sequences. If these deficiencies and a range of the exchange is in our choice of amplified sequence, will also appear different length of the amplified products, resulting in a number of amplified products with. PCR gene amplification technology simple, application of the increasingly widespread, but its impact on many factors, in the course of practice is now often this or that issue, not even the expected results, or appear unable to explain the phenomenon. It is true that a large number of scientific workers in recent years with concerted efforts, made many valuable experiences, so that this technology are maturing, after all, PCR is the only one in recent years the emergence of new technologies, many of the problems is still not very good To explain or resolve. With the letter to the PCR in-depth study, the application of the PCR process of constantly sum up experience, PCR this new technology for human development will make

DNA computer

In addition to the current Shanghai Jiaotong University Bio-X Center, the international community has not yet said what scientists successfully developed a DNA computer or embryonic form. "The expert said. He also produced the Israeli Weizmann Institute and the Shanghai Jiaotong University thesis. The former published in 2001 in the United Kingdom "Nature" magazine, entitled "programmable calculator can be self-regulatory elements," the latter released in this year's China, "Science Bulletin", the title used for "running on the surface of the bead Programmable DNA computer. " "Taken by the use of the materials and methods are the same, even the double-stranded DNA molecule, variable in the design and enter symbols such details are the same. However, the latter concept is unclear, there are many mistakes in the article, the author does not seem to have read Israeli scientists to understand the papers and their research ideas. " "Almost even charts and symbols are the same." In his two papers on a painting Yonghong Bi-Loop. Some colleagues even to this successful outcome is really doubt it. "Bead is a separate DNA molecules purpose of the materials, through its research staff to select the response after the DNA fragments. Shanghai Jiaotong University show that they tried to work in computing forward to a solid surface, but the final papers back to the solution of the test tube . " They said that Israeli scientists is "Calculator (Computing Machine)" instead of "computer (Computer)", because they are aware of their inventions and does not go beyond China's calculations, the West or hand-cranked computer slide rules. What is the "DNA computer" » Chair Professor of Huazhong University of Science and Technology Xu Jin answer is: DNA computing model for the design of the mechanism from the machine must also have input system, the output system, the computing system and a certain commonality. He stressed that absolutely can not pass a biochemical experiments to solve a specific problem called DNA computer. He said, DNA computers will undoubtedly go through the development of three stages: First test-tube stage to verify the feasibility of DNA computing principles and then stage a solid surface, this is a transitional stage, to overcome in the test tube of DNA molecules easily lost And difficult operation of the drawbacks is the final stage of chips, only after the chip, DNA computers to be practical. "DNA is still not sure what exactly is like the computer, it may be varied, but certainly is and advanced IT technology together." Jin Xu said. In theory, DNA computers have an ultra-large-scale parallel computing and ultra-low-power advantages, which allow scientists to "Moore's Law" after the termination of the development of information technology is full of expectations. DNA computer in an alarming speed before the operation, the current password system will also be completely meaningless. This means that any one country in the DNA computer for the first successful, it will in the field of military information will account for absolute leadership. Xu Jin said that at present the international community on DNA computing research and DNA computer has become a hot new scientific frontier, are greatly attracted biological engineering, computer science, mathematics, physics, chemistry, laser technology and information, and other scientists in the field . By the Human Genome Project to promote its research progress rapidly, "natural" and "science" almost every year on the DNA with the DNA computer calculation of research papers, other authoritative international magazine not only published the first DNA computer-related aspects of academic papers, But also occasionally published album. "But the development of DNA computer is a very huge, highly cross-discipline, several generations of scientists to be the painstaking research is by no means overnight, a year two years thing. From the current technological development, it also from the practical Very far away. "Jin Xu said. According to Xu Jin, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Institute of Molecular Biology computer in China is a DNA computer research papers SCI most institutions. They will be the first to introduce DNA computer programming theory, and the establishment of a Chinese mathematician from the Valley-the "Chinese postman problem" of DNA computing model: a postman in his jurisdiction within the scope of how to choose the shortest way to the messenger. In addition, the CAS Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Shanghai Donghua University, Tsinghua University, Peking University and Beijing University of Technology, and other units are actively engaged in DNA computer research, "science" and "Chemistry and Computer Science Journal," "biological systems" , And other international publications have included them the papers. Xu Jin said cautiously, "We may come up with in recent years, a DNA computer model, it is still the

dna effect

Genetic Engineering See: molecular biology and genetic engineering Recombinant DNA technology in modern biology and biochemistry in the wide application of the so-called recombinant DNA, the collection is that made by other DNA sequence of artificial DNA, can plastid or vector carrying the desired format, the transition to DNA Of the individual in the [127]. After genetic transformation, after the Department of organisms that can be used to produce recombinant proteins, for medical research using [128], or planted in agriculture [129] [130]. [Edit] forensic forensics See: genetic fingerprint analysis Can make use of forensic crime scene left by the blood, semen, skin, hair or saliva in the DNA, to identify the possible perpetrators. This process is called genetic fingerprinting or DNA characteristics of this comparative analysis of different human individuals to repeat many of the DNA fragment length, these DNA fragments, including short tandem repeat sequences, such as small satellites and, in general is the most reliable criminals Identification Technology [131]. But if people from the crime scene DNA contamination, will become more complex difficult [132]. First in 1984, the development of DNA characteristics of the people is a British geneticist Alaikejie Frisbie [133]. By 1988, the British murder suspect Kelin Pi Qi Fuke, as a result of the first characteristics of DNA evidence against the convicted person [134]. Use of specific types of crime, the DNA samples, can establish a database to help investigators solve some only from the DNA samples collected at the scene of the old cases. In addition, DNA characteristics of major can also be used to identify disaster victims in the [135]. [Edit] History and Anthropology See also: a study of the species and genetic Genealogy As DNA in a period of time after experiencing some of the accumulation of genetic mutations capacity, which contains historical information, via the DNA sequence, so that geneticists understand the evolution history of organisms, that is, species [136]. These kinds of research is part of a school, but also conducive to the evolution of biological tools. If the species within the scope of the DNA sequence to compare, then groups of specific ethnic groups that geneticists can of history. This method from the application of genetics to ecological anthropology, for example, DNA evidence has been trying to search for the missing 10 tribes of Israel [137] [138]. DNA can also be used to investigate the relatives of modern family relations, such as Thomas Jefferson and Construction莎丽海明斯between the descendants of the family relationship on the way with the criminal investigation is similar, sometimes certain criminal investigations The reason why the case can be resolved, because the crime scene DNA and relatives of the perpetrators of the DNA match [139]. [Edit] bioinformatics See: bioinformatics Bioinformatics affect the use of DNA sequence information, search and data mining, and development of a variety of storage and search for DNA sequencing technology, can be further used in computer science, especially string search algorithm, machine learning and database Theory [140]. Search or string than the algorithm is the sequence from the larger or more letters, looking for a single sequence of letters or the emergence of a small number of locations, can be developed to search for a specific nucleotide sequence [141]. In other text editor such as the application, usually a simple algorithm can be used to solve the problem, but only a small number of identifiable characteristics of the DNA sequence, but the method of operation of these bad. Sequence than to try to identify the homologous sequence, and these sequences have a mission targeting the specific differences in mutation position, which the multiple sequence alignment technology can be used to study the kinds of relationships and protein function [142]. From the entire genome contains the information posed by the large number of DNA sequences, such as the Human Genome Project study. To each of every gene on chromosome, and the location of genes responsible for the regulation and control are marked out, will be very difficult. DNA sequence of RNA or protein coding characteristics of the region, can be used to identify gene identification algorithm out, so that researchers are conducting experiments before, predicted the body may be demonstrated by the special gene products [143]. [Edit] DNA computer See: DNA computing DNA in the first computing application is a solution of the NP-complete small direct Hamilton path [144]. DNA can be used as the "software", the message written in nucleotide sequence, and to enzymes or other elements as "hardware" to read or modified. For example, the hardware as the restriction enzyme FokI can carry a section of the software functions GGATG sequence DNA, then the DNA fragments to other input, and to respond to complex hardware and software, the final output another DNA [145]. Such a device similar to Turing machine can be used in drug treatment. In addition DNA computing in energy consumption, space requirements and efficiency is superior to electronic computers, and DNA computing is a highly parallel (see parallel computing) the method of calculation. Many other issues, including the simulation of a variety of abstract machines, Boolean meet the problem, and the sector of the travel salesman problem, both the use of DNA computing was done analysis [146]. Since the close of compact, DNA has become part of the theory of cryptography, in particular the use of DNA is able to effectively construct and use the one-time password can not resolve this

gamete cells

Determine the natural relationship between Mendelian theory is based on the separation law. According to this law, in the gamete cells, a pair of alleles from each other, respectively, into their cell gametes. Sperm and egg fertilized formed offspring, the two children from a group of mothers, a father from there on the same allele is one from the mother and one from the father. If the results of identification in conformity with the law, not rule out the natural, if not match, then rule out the natural (except variation). In most cases, mother, son relationship is known to identify whether the assumption that natural father and child relationship. First, from the time the mother, son of the genotype in comparison, the genes may determine the child from his father's genes (gene father, OG). And then observe the assumption that the father's genotype, if the gene does not have a father who can rule out the assumption that the natural parent and child relationship. If the assumption that the father also has a father who genes, the results can not be ruled out on the assumption that the natural father, a hypothetical case of the mother is FGA-22/23 type, for 22/25 of children, from a comparative gene can determine paternity is FGA-25. Father of a hypothetical case for FGA-22/24; assumption that the father of 2 to 24/25. On the assumption that the father did not have a father of 25, so he can rule out the natural relationship with their children compared to the assumption that the father of two because of FGA-25, did not rule out a natural relationship with their children.

the gene called CYP2A6

According to the British "tobacco Management" magazine reported that the gene called CYP2A6, its two variants will be reduced nicotine in the liver removal of the contents. This means that the process will remove nicotine more slowly, the brain will quickly exposed to high concentrations of nicotine to smokers feel good, gradually become addicted to cigarettes. Canada's McGill University scientists on the 1300 13-year-old boy investigated, of which 281 were smokers. Scientists gave a blood sample found in the CYP2A6 gene and the variants. 30 months later, the scientists are doing a follow-up, 281 smokers, 30% become dependent on cigarettes. Survey data show that those changes in the CYP2A6 gene and the gene with a normal person compared to the former addiction to cigarettes is the number of the latter three times. Scientists believe that the new discovery may help explain why the number of young people can quickly become addicted to cigarettes. GM will also young people to nicotine toxicity become sensitive to the initial dizziness and nausea and vertigo response will soon be overcome. "Tobacco Management" magazine last year published data showed that smoking killed in each of the 5 million people

Tli DNA polymerase

Tli DNA polymerase is a thermal stability of the molecular weight of about 90 kDa, the enzyme in 74 ℃ copy DNA, in the half-life of 100 ℃ for two hours. The enzyme in the conditions for the existence of magnesium can be catalytic nucleotide along the 5'-3 'direction in polymerization, a double-stranded DNA, the enzyme also has 3'-5' correction activity, can improve the security nucleotide incorporation I degrees. Tli DNA polymerase Thermococus litoralis is derived from the DNA polymerase I containing the gene fragments in E. coli E. Coli in Cloning and Expression of the reorganization. Tli DNA polymerase is recommended for high-fidelity PCR reaction and high temperature conditions primer extension of reaction. Heat-stable DNA polymerase 10 × reaction buffer: 500mM KCl, 100mM Tris-HCl (pH9.0, 25 ℃), 1.0% Triton ® X-100. Buffer optimizing the use of 0.2 mM dNTP. Magnesia: contains 25 mM MgCl2 solution. Features ● stability: In the half-life of 100 ℃ for two hours ● flexible: System provides a non-MgCl2 the 10 × reaction buffer and a separate 25 mM MgCl2 solution, for the different conditions for the optimization of reaction. Apply ● high-fidelity PCR Storage conditions: -20 ℃ save storage buffer: 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4,25 ℃), 100mM KCl, 0.1mM EDTA, 1mM DTT and 0.1% Triton ® X-100, 50% glycerol. Units definition: In the 74 ℃ conditions, within 30 minutes by 10 nmol dNTP response to the introduction of a TCA insoluble material necessary for a unit of volume. Conditions are: 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.0,25 ℃), 50mM NaCl, 10mM MgCl2, 200mM dNTP (with no tags and tags [3 H] dTTP), 11mg activation of calf thymus DNA, for the final reaction volume 50 ml. Quality Control Testing: active, DNA endonuclease / lack of carved.

Mesothelioma - Treatment

Mm for the use of conventional therapy did not prove successful and patients have a 6个- 12 months of survival time in the introduction. Hostile acts by the clinical impact of several factors including the tendency to place through the transfer of exfoliated cells, the invasion of his subordinates and other organs within the pleural-hole for the pleural mesothelial surface and the underlying factors of extreme long period of the disease in asbestos exposure And development. Surgery Surgery, or alone or with the use of pre-and post-operative Des Voeux the combination drug therapy has proved disappointing for a five-year survival rate of less than 10 percent. Radiation Although the tumor to radiation therapy and chemotherapy is a high degree of resistance, these health, sometimes used to lift the onset of symptoms such as a transfer from the main tumor blood vessel obstruction. Chemotherapy In February 2004, was approved pemetrexed (brand name Alimta) for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Immunotherapy Convalescence involved in immune therapy produced a volatile results. For example, intrapleural inoculation (BCG) to promote the immune response, was found not benefit the patients (when it may benefit patients). Mesothelioma cells in vitro that the impact of potential vulnerability to gradually retreat from LAK cells follow the activation of interleukin-2 (IL-2), only patient to receive such a special experience of the main side effects of therapy. Indeed, the trial suspended due to unacceptable high level of IL-2 toxicity and serious side effects such as fever and evil of sexual disease. Still, the other pilot involved in interferon alpha proved encouraging with 20 per cent of cancer patients experience of a large number of more than 50 percent and reduce the side effects were minimal integration. The passionate Intraoperative peritoneal chemotherapy Passionate approach to the intraoperative peritoneal chemotherapy famous by Paul Sugarbaker development in the Washington Cancer Institute [5]. Surgeons removed as much as possible, like many cancer chemotherapy agents was the direct management to follow, is heated to between 40 and 48.C, in the abdomen. Fluid was sprayed 60 to 120 minutes and then excretion. This technology allows the choice of the high concentration of drug management into the stomach and pelvis surface. Heated chemotherapy drugs to increase the penetration into the organization. And, more heat damage malignant cells than normal cells. Research Because mesothelioma is very difficult to control, U. S. National Cancer Institute (NCI) sponsored by the clinical trial that is designed to discover new and better ways of using the current treatment. In the new treatment may be recommended for general use, doctors conduct clinical trials to find whether the treatment is safe and effective for patients against the disease. Participation in clinical trials is an important treatment option for many patients and mesothelial

Mesothelioma new treatment methods

Modern medical personnel of different ways to strengthen their own human immune system to fight cancer. There are various ways to assist mesothelioma patients to strengthen their own immune system against cancer, to help avoid or chemotherapy, radiation or other traditional treatment of mesothelioma. You can use one or several ways to support the traditional treatment methods. Mesothelioma patients can help improve the immune system of the new therapy: Massage, yoga, Jingsiyu, aromatherapy, to improve the method of breathing or other forms of relaxation. Appropriate diet, eat foods rich in unsaturated fatty acids, increased Omega 3, the day eating 1-2 T. Hu sesame oil, or 2-4 tablespoons fresh ground to the flax, or 2-4 grams of fish oil a day to eat. God take fine therapy, acupuncture, hypnosis therapy, art therapy to achieve the objective of controlling pain Conditioning and strengthening immunity: eat edible mushrooms, mushroom extracts of herbs like milk vetch, and high concentration of dairy products. Fresh enzyme before meals in the (enzyme) will enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs. In the health food stores can not buy prescription of health food products, regular physical added. Following is still in the study of the treatment of mesothelioma other therapy: Increase the immune therapy - Immuno-Augmentation Therapy This type of immune cell therapy through the immune system Laicui repair damaged cells. Antineoplaston therapy - Antineoplaston Therapy Antineoplaston is the growth in human and other animal protein in urine and blood of. Practice has proved that the protein have the ability to prohibit cancer cell growth. Gene therapy - Gene Therapy Gene therapy or replacement gene therapy, that can lead to an abnormal growth of cancer genes. DNA in gene therapy on cancer control. Gene replacement therapy through a change or replace the missing gene to prevent cancer give birth Your family doctor should be pushed Kam a fit for your therapy to control and ease the condition. For more diet and nutrition information, please pay attention to some of our resources Patients should try to meet the medical diagnosis and treatment, strengthen confidence, the greatest extent possible to eliminate anxiety and distress

treatment of mesothelioma

In the course of treatment of mesothelioma, you should choose you respect and feel comfortable in hospitals and doctors. Do not hesitate to ask all kinds of problems, express your feelings, if you are not satisfied with doctors or other medical care, must be promptly replaced. Was diagnosed with the disease, patients are often told that they may be only the survival of 8-10 months. However, with the continuous research and development of technology, the new treatment methods continue to emerge. The most important thing is to strengthen confidence in, and work closely with the doctors. February 5, 2004, FDA announced the approval of Alimta ((pemetrexed disodium) and cisplatin in the treatment of cancer ---- a rare malignant pleural mesothelioma. Alimta FDA previously has been designated for the treatment of this indication of Rare disease treatment, it also received FDA approval of a drug treatment of this disease. "This is the first treatment of mesothelioma drug has been meaningful results", the first author, University of Chicago Cancer Research Center Vogelzang (Nicholas J. Vogelzang) said, "This is the first step, is only A small step, but it is a step in the right direction. It can encourage patients continue to try new drugs, doctors also encourage more concerned about this terrible disease. " "The pilot identified, pemetrexed plus cisplatin systemic treatment of mesothelioma is a new standard," Long Kaite New York to commemorate the history of Hope Cancer Center Lachie (Valerie Rusch) in a commentary that with the hair, "can now say that vicious Pleural mesothelioma is a valid and effective, it dispersed on the deep-rooted in the idea of some help. " She suggested that the early patients in the future to study this medication, patients should also look into the late addition of other anticancer drugs. Mesothelioma treatment can be divided into the following categories: Traditional treatment of mesothelioma Traditional treatment of mesothelioma is the most common treatment methods. According to the mesothelioma patients with stage and level, doctors would recommend a different treatment options Standard treatment of malignant mesothelioma include the following three ways: Surgery - to remove cancer Radiation therapy - the use of drugs and rays to kill cancer cells Chemotherapy - the use of high-dose X-ray or other high-energy light to kill cancer cells Optical therapy - a testing phase is currently being developed an effective new therapies . Surgery Such treatment by surgery removed part of the pleura, or peritoneal, and some other organizations. Sometimes, if the strong view that the patients, doctors will recommend removal lung, lung or the removal of part of the diaphragm, to help the patient breathe. A surgery, called pleural resection, is to open the patient's chest and removed from the lung tumor. This will ease chest pain and to prevent the re-return of pleural effusion. Another operation, called pleural additional resection of the lung will be removed, the diaphragm, or heart of the endometrium. After surgery, patients with chemotherapy and radiation to kill any remaining cancer cells. Resection of additional pleural mesothelioma generally used only for advanced treatment. Radiation Therapy Radiotherapy for the use of high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors. Radiation and surgery will be used to effectively control the symptoms. Dissemination of radiation therapy machines use radiation or radioactive isotopes (placement of plastic pipe caused radiation) can be placed inside the patient's body to kill cancer cells. In the treatment of cancer, radiation therapy may damage other health organizations. Now researchers to study new approaches to cancer-ray exposure to direct, without damage to other nearby organs. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is the most commonly used method of treatment mesothelioma, with the through injection drug use or into the vein or muscle. The use of a chemotherapy drug or a combination of drugs to kill cancer cells. Drug absorption through the blood or directly injected into the body of a region, such as pleural or directly injected into the chest. It can kill the body cells. Chemotherapy technology matures, even more advanced. Recent clinical study, patients with mesothelioma long-term use of chemotherapy drugs can prolong life and reduce suffering. Report said that while the use of Alimta patients and cisplatin can achieve 41 percent tumor shrinkage. Optical therapy Optical therapy is a new treatment for mesothelioma, through light to kill cancer cells. Although still experimental, but its other effects of cancer cells is controlled. Optical therapy (PDT) is the use of a drug - known as the photosensitizer or photosensitive agents, and a special type of light to deal with cancer cells. When the photosensitizer exposed to a specific wavelength of light, they will form a cell of oxygen and killed near the cancer cells.

Pleural mesothelioma

Pleural mesothelioma pleural mesothelioma for primary tumor, is derived from dirty layer, layer, or mediastinal pleura diaphragmatic four parts of the tumor. Foreign incidence rate higher than domestic, to 0.07 to 0.11 percent and 0.04 percent. All of the world's cancer mortality rate of 1 percent. In recent years, a clear upward trend. More than 50-year-old Most of male to female ratio was 2:1. With asbestos exposure. At present, the vicious type is still a lack of effective treatment methods. Clinical manifestations: 1. Localized may be no obvious discomfort or only chest pain, shortness of breath after the event. 2. Diffuse to a more severe chest pain, shortness of breath, weight loss, and so on. 3. Thorax side activities restricted, full, Kouzhenzhuoyin, breathing sound reduce or disappear. 4. Supraclavicular fossa have armpit and swollen lymph nodes. Diagnosis: 1. Chest pain, shortness of breath, weight loss and other symptoms. 2. Pleural thickening and pleural effusion signs. 3. Chest film or chest CT see pleural nodules shadow. 4. Thoracoscopy visible nodules, and clamp activities of the Organization for clear diagnosis. Treatment principles: Limitations of surgery should be the preferred treatment, can diffuse surgery and chemotherapy combination. Medication principles: 1. Chest pain who have used the skull-and anti-inflammatory pain, pethidine and other painkillers. 2. Adriamycin is an effective drug for the treatment of this disease, with more than cisplatin, mitomycin, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, such as joint use. 3.γ-interferon, interleukin-as a complementary treatment. 4. Hydrothorax available to more than talc, such as tetracycline for pleural adhesions. Supplementary examination: Chest film and pleural effusion-based inspection of the screening examination. Conditional, as far as possible to do chest CT or MRI; Thoracoscopic from Huotizuzhi be confirmed. Evaluation: 1. Cure: symptoms and signs disappeared, mesothelioma disappeared or surgical excision. 2. Improved: symptoms, signs have improved significantly reduce the pleural effusion, mesothelioma narrow. 3.未愈: symptoms, no signs of improvement, hydrothorax increase speed, tumor

mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is an extraordinary form, usually linked the earlier exposure. In this disease, malignant (cancer) mesothelioma cells shown in the mesothelium, protective lining of the lid most of the body organs. It's the most common site is pleura (lining and chest outside the hole), but it may also occur in (stomach lining the hole) or (surrounded the sac). The development of mesothelioma majority of the people they study the work of inhaling asbestos particles, or exposed in asbestos dust and fiber in other ways, such as asbestos by washing services and family members of the clothes, or by the use of asbestos-cement home renovation products
mesothelioma

mesothelioma attorneys

Pleural mesothelioma is pleural primary tumor, there are limitations of (mostly benign) and diffuse (all malignant) Points. Which diffuse malignant mesothelioma to the chest tumor one of the worst prognosis. Most of the patients in the 40-70 age group who are Among men than women. The first symptoms of chest pain, coughing and shortness of breath was the most common. Have a fever, sweating or joint pain symptoms mainly v. Persons. About half of patients over a large number of pleural effusion with severe shortness of breath. No large pleural effusion, chest pain often more drama Ranariddh, weight loss common. Ordinary X-ray found that pleural effusion, and lung tumor was wrapped, late Case period may have caused the hearts of cardiac exudate video to expand and soft tissue damage, such as video and ribs. For suspicious of malignant pleural mesothelioma patients, CT check the most useful. Hydrothorax cytology also help attendance Off. Routine laboratory tests, some patients may have more platelets, serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) increased And so on. For routine examination not clear diagnosis can be done pleural thoracoscopic biopsy. General most patients can This was the diagnosis. The treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, is still no effective cure methods. Treatment, a palliative Treatment, surgical treatment, chemotherapy and radiation treatment, the tumor is generally believed that the relative limitations of the Phase I , So radical that the pleural pneumonectomy. For Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ of patients, radical surgery has no significance , The only purposes of palliative surgery. In fact, most of the patients to the disease diagnosis, is in Phase II to On. The rapid growth in patients with pleural effusion often leads to serious breathing difficulties, palliative surgery to improve their night Of the patient's quality of life of great significance. Thoracic into the past use of chemotherapy drugs, such as pleural effusion or dissipated to pleural Adhesions blocking the way often to be ineffective. Peritoneal mesothelioma Peritoneal mesothelioma is the primary peritoneal mesothelial cells in the tumor. Clinical performance is not characteristic, common symptoms And signs are: abdominal pain, ascites, abdominal distention and abdominal mass, and so on. Peritoneal mesothelioma about all cases of mesothelioma 20 percent, occurred in 2-92 years old, the average age is 54 years, of which about 63 percent of the cases in the 45 -- Between the 64-year-old, the sick child rare. Clinical performance 1. Abdominal pain, abdominal distention, ascites, abdominal mass, 2. Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, 3. Sluggish Fever, weight loss, anemia, 4. Hypoglycemia, diffuse abdominal ossification, 5. If the merger other parts of peritoneal mesothelioma Mesothelioma, the transfer of other organs and complications of corresponding performance. Diagnosis 1. Abdominal pain, abdominal distention, ascites, abdominal mass of patients, in particular, have a history of exposure to asbestos, 2. Imaging examination peritoneal A thin sheet of tumor signs and ascites, 3. Exfoliative cytology ascites, 4. Peritoneal biopsy, laparoscopy and laparotomy From the Organization for exploration and pathological examination can be confirmed. Peritoneal mesothelioma originated in the epithelium and peritoneal mesothelial organizations, to asbestos dust pathogenic substances, some of the virus may also The reason is the cause mesothelioma. Peritoneal mesothelioma pathology can be divided into: adenomatoid tumors, cystic mesothelioma and malignant Paper: Three. Peritoneal mesothelioma clinical manifestations are not specific, the inspection positive rate is not high, specificity is not strong, Clinical diagnosis very difficult. With laparoscopy, ultrasound and CT-guided biopsy technology and the development of Pathology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy raising the level of diagnosis, an increasing number of cases received during his lifetime or that of the former It's pathology. Peritoneal mesothelioma mainly with tuberculosis peritonitis, intra-abdominal cancer metastasis, the other in the abdomen Film omentum identification of the tumor.

about mesothelioma doctor

Pleural mesothelioma is pleural primary tumor, there are limitations of (mostly benign) and diffuse (all malignant) Points. Which diffuse malignant mesothelioma to the chest tumor one of the worst prognosis. Most of the patients in the 40-70 age group who are Among men than women. The first symptoms of chest pain, coughing and shortness of breath was the most common. Have a fever, sweating or joint pain symptoms mainly v. Persons. About half of patients over a large number of pleural effusion with severe shortness of breath. No large pleural effusion, chest pain often more drama Ranariddh, weight loss common. Ordinary X-ray found that pleural effusion, and lung tumor was wrapped, late Case period may have caused the hearts of cardiac exudate video to expand and soft tissue damage, such as video and ribs. For suspicious of malignant pleural mesothelioma patients, CT check the most useful. Hydrothorax cytology also help attendance Off. Routine laboratory tests, some patients may have more platelets, serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) increased And so on. For routine examination not clear diagnosis can be done pleural thoracoscopic biopsy. General most patients can This was the diagnosis. The treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, is still no effective cure methods. Treatment, a palliative Treatment, surgical treatment, chemotherapy and radiation treatment, the tumor is generally believed that the relative limitations of the Phase I , So radical that the pleural pneumonectomy. For Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ of patients, radical surgery has no significance , The only purposes of palliative surgery. In fact, most of the patients to the disease diagnosis, is in Phase II to On. The rapid growth in patients with pleural effusion often leads to serious breathing difficulties, palliative surgery to improve their night Of the patient's quality of life of great significance. Thoracic into the past use of chemotherapy drugs, such as pleural effusion or dissipated to pleural Adhesions blocking the way often to be ineffective. Peritoneal mesothelioma Peritoneal mesothelioma is the primary peritoneal mesothelial cells in the tumor. Clinical performance is not characteristic, common symptoms And signs are: abdominal pain, ascites, abdominal distention and abdominal mass, and so on. Peritoneal mesothelioma about all cases of mesothelioma 20 per cent, occurred in 2-92 years old, the average age is 54 years, of which about 63 percent of the cases in the 45 -- Between the 64-year-old, the sick child rare. Clinical performance 1. Abdominal pain, abdominal distention, ascites, abdominal mass, 2. Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, 3. Sluggish Fever, weight loss, anemia, 4. Hypoglycemia, diffuse abdominal ossification, 5. If the merger other parts of peritoneal mesothelioma Mesothelioma, the transfer of other organs and complications of corresponding performance. Diagnosis 1. Abdominal pain, abdominal distention, ascites, abdominal mass of patients, in particular, have a history of exposure to asbestos, 2. Imaging examination peritoneal A thin sheet of tumor signs and ascites, 3. Exfoliative cytology ascites, 4. Peritoneal biopsy, laparoscopy and laparotomy From the Organization for exploration and pathological examination can be confirmed. Peritoneal mesothelioma originated in the epithelium and peritoneal mesothelial organizations, to asbestos dust pathogenic substances, some of the virus may also The reason is the cause mesothelioma. Peritoneal mesothelioma pathology can be divided into: adenomatoid tumors, cystic mesothelioma and malignant Paper: Three. Peritoneal mesothelioma clinical manifestations are not specific, the inspection positive rate is not high, specificity is not strong, Clinical diagnosis very difficult. With laparoscopy, ultrasound and CT-guided biopsy technology and the development of Pathology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy raising the level of diagnosis, an increasing number of cases received during his lifetime or that of the former It's pathology. Peritoneal mesothelioma mainly with tuberculosis peritonitis, intra-abdominal cancer metastasis, the other in the abdomen Film omentum identification of the t

carrier of genetic information

DNA is the carrier of genetic information, the parent must take their own DNA molecule as a template accurate reproduction into two copies, and assigned to the two daughter cells, go to complete its mission of the carrier of genetic information. And the double-stranded DNA structure of this type of genetic material for the maintenance of the stability and the accuracy of reproduction are extremely important. (A) DNA copy of the semi-reservation Click Waston and raised in the DNA double helix structure on the model of DNA replication during the process of the study, they speculate, DNA base pairs in the process of copying the hydrogen bonds between the first fracture, double helix of the Rotary separately, were linked to each template Synthesis of the new chain, each offspring of a DNA chain from the pro-generation, and the other is a new synthesis, so as to retain a half-copy (semiconservative replication). (B) DNA replication 1. DNA double helix of the rotation (1) single chain DNA-binding protein (single-stranded DNA binding protein, ssbDNA protein) (2) DNA helicase (DNA helicase) (3) DNA of the chain 2. Okazaki fragments and a half does not copy a row 3. Copy the trigger and termination (C) telomeres and telomerase 1941-American Indians McClintock (Mc Clintock) raised a telomere (telomere) of the hypothesis that the chromosome ends must exist a special structure - the telomere. Telomere now known at least two roles: ① chromosome end protection from damage to chromosomes remained stable; ② and nuclear fiber-connected so that the chromosome can be targeted.

Gene therapy

Gene therapy is integrated with the normal gene into the cells, to correction and replacement of a disease gene therapy. Currently in broad terms, some will be transferred to the genetic material of cells, in its role to achieve the objective method of treatment of disease, but also that of gene therapy. At present gene therapy, the method used can basically be divided into the following: 1  DNA Correction DNA correction that will be linked pathogenic DNA base pairs to correct the anomaly, and normal part be retained. 2. DNA replacement DNA replacement is to use the normal DNA in DNA by homologous recombination, in situ lesions replacement cells pathogen DNA, the DNA within the cell to fully return to normal conditions. 3. The addition of DNA DNA will be added to that purpose DNA into cells or other cell disease, removing abnormal DNA, but through DNA purpose of the non-targeting, the expression of compensation to the function of DNA defects or the original function has been strengthened. At present DNA for use of such methods. This approach is the addition of the more dominant DNA for the treatment of recessive disease. 4. DNA inactivation Early generally refers to anti-sense DNA technology. It is the specific anti-RNA, including antisense RNA, antisense and ribozymes DNA into cells, transcription and translation in blocking the abnormal expression of certain genes. In recent years another anti-gene strategy, peptide nucleic acid, DNA and RNA interference removal. [DNA is the genetic material of all biological basis: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a nucleic acid category, because of the presence of deoxyribose named. DNA molecules very large (at least in general molecular weight over 1 million), the main component is deoxynucleotidyl adenine, guanine deoxynucleotidyl, thymine and cytosine deoxynucleotidyl deoxynucleotidyl. DNA found in the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, can also be free to exist in some state of the cell cytoplasm. Most of the known phage, part of a small number of plant and animal virus also contain the virus in the DNA. In addition to RNA (ribonucleic acid) and the phage, DNA is the genetic material of all biological basis. Parent-child organisms and the similarity between the so-called inheritance of genetic information, are stored in the DNA molecule. 1953,詹姆斯沃森and Francis Crick describe the structure of DNA: from one-to-many linked nucleotide composition of each other coiled double helix. They and London's National Institute of Technology physicist Frederick Ke Wei Er Jinsi shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. [Obesity gene -- The Royal London Hospital scientists found that obesity in the body, there is a unique function of the gene, the gene of the three members of the body of the chromosome. As the obesity gene existed only in the body, so scientists call it "fat gene." The study found that obesity gene can promote the body to create a transport fat in the blood protein - "APO-D" gene. The gene, the more fat the more fluent of blood transmission, the accumulation of body fat also the more people will be obese. Below scientists did an interesting experiment: Let a pair of carrying the obesity gene mice mating, the results of each roll and future generations of wandering round melon, which is tantamount to meat ball, and did not allow a mouse obesity gene for mating, birth The less fat in mice, each are very thin. Genetic scientists in accordance with this model, can also produce the body of fat at 20 to 50 percent of the Feishou different degrees of mice. Further found that the genetic obesity and the situation is slightly different from rodents, a generational genetic. That is, people can observe, in a considerable number of families, fat grandmother would not normally be obese gene passed on to their children, but passed on to her grandchildren. Scientists also found that obesity-related genes more than one. For example, New York, a Rockefeller University research team recently announced that they After eight years of long study, found that a control appetite and energy metabolism genes. It is said that this gene to the brain can send a signal to stop eating, so that the masters of the brain weakened appetite timely, in order to avoid excess energy if the gene variation, the owner will be increased appetite, Tanzui eat, and eventually become A big fat man. Further research revealed that the gene from the 4500 base component, part of which can produce from 167 amino acids of the protein. If this normal protein synthesis, will be sent to the brain's signal to stop eating if the protein coding the amino acid composition of coding the first 105 amino acid residues of the unusual base, the signal will stop eating failure, leading to obesity.

pcr

[ "Junk DNA" -- [Edit this paragraph] Yeast and worms such as the simple biological evolution is how birds and mammals such as the complexity of this biological » Against a group of the extensive comparative studies have shown that the answer to that question may be hidden in the garbage of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in. U.S. scientists have found that the more complex biological, carrying more junk DNA, and it is precisely these is not encoded the "useless" DNA to biological evolution to a higher complexity of the organism. Since the first eukaryotic organisms - ranging from yeast to human cells have the biological - the genome has been deciphered, scientists have wondered why the majority of DNA does not form a useful genes. To protect the chromosome mutation from the structure of support for the so-called junk DNA may explain the many species. But last year from humans, mice and rats to get a complete agreement on junk DNA studies have shown that in this region may contain important adjustment mechanism, which can control the basis of biochemical reactions and the development process, This will help biological evolution to a more complex organism. Compared with the simple eukaryotes, the more complex biological gene mutations do not doubt the fact that this has greatly strengthened the discovery. On this issue in order to have a better understanding, from the University of California at Santa Cruz (UCSC) calculation biologist David Haussler led a study group of five kinds of vertebrate animals - people, mice, rats , Chicken and blowfish - junk DNA sequences and four kinds of insects, worms, and two of the seven kinds of junk DNA sequence of yeast were compared. Researchers compared results from the received a surprising pattern: The more complex biological, junk DNA seems to be more important. This implied the possibility of which is that if different types of biological have the same DNA, then the DNA must be used to solve some key issues. Yeast and vertebrates share a certain number of DNA, after all, they need to manufacture protein, but only 15% of the total DNA and gene has nothing to do. Study group in July 14's "Genome Research" magazine online edition reported that they will yeast and more complex worms were compared, the latter is a multi-cell biology, found that 40 percent of the total DNA was not Coding. Subsequently, the researchers will vertebrate animals and insects were compared, these organisms more complex than worms, and found that more than 66% of the total DNA contains no coding DNA. Participate in the study calculated the UCSC biologist Adam Siepel said that the worm's findings need to carefully deal with, it is because scientists only on one of the two genomes were analyzed. Nevertheless, Siepel still believe that this has found strong support for such a theory, that is, invertebrates and insects in the biological complexity of the increase was mainly due to the fine mode of regulation. [DNA probe: [Edit this paragraph] DNA probe is the most commonly used DNA probe that several hundred base pairs in length above the double-stranded DNA or single chain DNA probe. The number of DNA probes have now been many, bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, animals and human cells, DNA probes. Such probes for more than a gene sequence in whole or in part, or a non-coding sequences. These DNA fragments is to be specific, such as bacterial virulence factor gene probe and human Alu probe. These depend on access to the DNA probe molecular cloning technology development and applications. To bacteria as an example, the current hybridization technology for bacterial strain identification and classification of G + C than the percentage of value to be accurate, is the types of bacteria in a direction of development. In addition, hybridization of high sensitivity of hybridization in clinical microbiology diagnosis has broad prospects. The bacterial genome size of about 5 × 106bp, containing about 3,000 genes. Most of all between the DNA of bacteria is the same, to obtain a DNA probe specific bacteria, usually to take the establishment of bacterial genome DNA library approach, to be bacterial DNA into small fragments were cloned after the genome contains all the information Cloning library. Then use a variety of other strains of DNA probe to filter, a hybrid signal Cloning been removed, the last remaining and not any other bacterial hybrid cloning may contain the bacteria-specific DNA fragments. This recombinant probe after further identification tags can be identified by DNA sequence analysis of its genetic origin and function. So to get a specific DNA probe, is more often tedious. Screening of cloned DNA probe also serological methods may be, What is different is built for the DNA library can be expressed, or macrophage colony cloning spot after cracking the release of antigen, and then use the source of bacteria polyclonal anti-serum screening positive Cloning, which was cloned from a number of other bacteria via the anti-serum screening, with only the final anti-serum response to the bacterial clone that is the expression of this bacteria containing the specific gene fragments, it is the protein encoded by the unique species . Use this expression library is the only screening by a specific gene probe. [DNA repair: DNA repair (DNA repairing) is subject to DNA damage to cells after a reaction, this reaction may restore the original structure of DNA, can re-implementation of its original features, but sometimes can not completely eliminate the DNA damage, cells can only make This tolerance of DNA damage and can continue to survive. Perhaps this has not fully repair the damage will hold down the conditions for the show (such as the cancerous cells, etc.), but if cells do not have this repair, we can not deal with the frequent occurrence of DNA damage in the incident, can not survive . Therefore, DNA repair research is to explore an important aspect of life, but also with military medicine, oncology, and other closely related. The different DNA damage, cells can have different repair response. DNA contains A, C, G, T four bases, under normal circumstances A - T, C - G combination of the DNA base pairs that constitute the horizontal profile. Interpretation of genes is through DNA base sequences in order to convey instructions to the cells, the cells control work. Many factors will cause DNA strand breaks, DNA base pairs in the reorganization linked to rearrange, leading to the interpretation of the original base sequences and different, send the wrong direction, resulting in the wrong cell growth and work in, so in a cell mutation, Will also have the tumor cells. Tumor cells will absorb a lot of nutrients to the body or the fast-growing normal cells, cancer cells than normal cells to the large number of normal cells than 1-5 times, and more than a deformity, and so on. At the same time tumor DNA strands in the same situation will be broken, because DNA repair and a half with its own reservations about the function of reproduction, DNA ligase DNA fragments could be to link up again in the next rotation of the role of re-forming spiral. And a small section of DNA of tumor cells can be genetic characteristics of the new generation of tumor cells. Now scientists are often referred to cloning, the DNA is the use of this property. Therefore, most cases of cancer linked recombinant DNA is a change two or more of a change process, which form the tumor cell replication and propagation, which caused tumors on the expansion, proliferation, transfer and deterioration of the ultimate threat to human health And life. [DNA replication: DNA replication is double-stranded DNA in cell division before the copying process, is a copy of the results of two double-stranded into the same double-stranded (if the normal process of reproduction), each with double-stranded, like the original double-stranded . This process is called a half through replication mechanisms to retain the successful completion of the. Copy can be divided into the following phases: Start-up phase: helicase in the local start of the double helix structure of DNA molecules to single chain, the primer of identification initiation site, to unlock the section of DNA as a template, in accordance with the 5 'to 3' direction of short RNA chain. Formation of RNA primer. The formation of DNA fragments: a primer 3'-OH provided on the basis of the end, DNA polymerase chain by the two DNA replication process at the same time, because the process can only be reproduced by the 5'-> 3 'direction of synthesis, a chain To continuous synthesis, another section of a chain, each linked to become a short Okazaki fragment (Okazaki fragments). RNA hydrolysis primer: When DNA synthesis after a certain length, DNA polymerase hydrolysis RNA primer, Butian gap. DNA ligase to the DNA fragments of phosphate ester link up, form a complete DNA molecule. Finally the new synthetic DNA fragments in the rotation with the help of re-forming spiral. [Single chain DNA: Single chain DNA (single-stranded DNA) most of the DNA double helix structure exists, but a heat or alkali treatment will be linked into a single state. DNA is the single-chain refers to the existence of such a state of the DNA. Single-stranded DNA molecule in the nature of fluid dynamics, the absorption spectrum, bases and other aspects of the nature of response and different double-stranded DNA. Some phage particle containing single-chain ring of DNA, the phage DNA in the cell proliferation when a double-stranded DNA. [Closed-loop DNA: Closed-loop DNA (closed circular DNA) did not ring fracture of the double-stranded DNA, also known as the super-helix DNA. Due to their double-stranded helix structure of the closure, with the result that the entire DNA molecule and a further three Rotary song structure. Also if one or two different parts of the chain produce a fracture, it will become a Rotary song of the open-loop DNA molecule. Cells extracted from the plasmid or viral DNA contains the closed-loop and open loop that two kinds of elements. According to the two pigment can be combined with the ability of different, but the two hours to leave. [Link] DNA Linking DNA (Linker DNA): nuclear body, in addition to 146 bp DNA outside the core of all the DNA. [Template DNA] DNA template can be a single-chain molecules, it can also be a double-stranded molecule, can be linear elements, it can also be a ring of (linear elements than elements of the ring effect was amplified slightly better). On the template DNA, the impact PCR is the major factor in the number of templates and purity. [Complementary DNA: Complementary DNA (cDNA, complementary DNA) genes constitute the double-stranded DNA molecule with a single chain as a template, the transcription of a complementary sequence with the messenger RNA molecules, and then reverse transcription of the role, to mRNA molecules as a template, and a synthesis mRNA sequence complementary single chain DNA, and then a single-stranded DNA as a template of another single chain and its complementary DNA, two complementary single chain DNA molecules to form a double-stranded cDNA molecule, so the sequence of double-stranded cDNA With the transcription of the mRNA molecules of the gene is the same. Therefore, a cDNA molecules on behalf of a gene. CDNA but still different from the genes, because the gene transcripts produced in the mRNA, some non-coding sequences that introns are removed, retention The only coding sequence, Exon. CDNA sequences than so much shorter sequences, because cDNA gene is not included in the non-coding sequences - Intron.